New Generation Diesel Engines 2.0 Eco Blue

 

New Generation Diesel Engines 2.0 Eco Blue

 

This is a completely new architecture of diesel engines that meets the EURO-6 environmental standards. The main distinguishing feature is the timing system with a belt in an oil bath, which is implemented in order to reduce the coefficient of friction,

 

The new generation of 2.0 Eco Blue diesel engines reduce emissions and increase engine power accordingly. And also, for a decrease in friction and an increase in torque, an engine oil with a viscosity of 0w30, specially designed for modern diesel engines, is taken. Particularly important is the additive composition of the original Ford 0w30 oil, which retains the oil bath timing belt. On the 2.0 Eco Blue engine, the oil change interval was increased to 40,000 km, due to the increased volume of engine oil up to 10 liters.

 

Timing belt replacement schedule 200,000 km! But, as the new generation of diesel engines 2.0 Eco Blue practice shows, the belt must be changed at a mileage of 100,000 km, since the belt begins to break down and the fraction of the belt clogs the oil receiver, which leads to oil starvation. And there were also precedents of belt breakage.

 

The engine oil change interval of 40,000 km is extremely long. In practice, the optimum service interval is 15,000 - 20,000 km for a long engine life.

 

FordService provides a service for replacing the timing belt with 2.0 Eco Blue, using official equipment and special knowledge, as well as with the presence of all original spare parts.

 

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How to avoid holes on the roads

 

You will not surprise our drivers with irregularities and potholes on the roads. After winter, coating imperfections are even more noticeable. We will tell you how to minimize the damage that can be done to a vehicle when driving into holes.

 

How to Avoid Potholes The simplest way to deal with potholes is obvious: Avoid them. However, it is extremely difficult to do this at night or when driving in a dense traffic of other cars . If a collision is inevitable, it is necessary to minimize the detrimental effect on the elements of the car.

 

Before reaching the edge of the pit two or three meters, press the brake, unloading the front suspension. Release the pedal as close to the pothole as possible. This reduces the load on the machine, including the suspension.

 

When driving fast (above 100 km / h), the likelihood of "slipping" through a pothole increases, since the wheel restrained by the shock absorber and stabilizer may simply not have time to fail. The shock is much softer in compression than in tension, so the fast ride technique works. This certainly does not mean that you need to neglect the speed limit requirements.

 

When traveling at low speed, add gas in front of the obstacle, this will raise the nose of the car, therefore, its front part can pass with a minimum load of the front axle. While in flight over the pit, the pressure falls on the front shock absorbers, which relieves the rear.

 

When driving fast (above 100 km / h), the likelihood of "slipping" through a pothole increases, since the wheel restrained by the shock absorber and stabilizer may simply not have time to fail. The shock is much softer in compression than in tension, so the fast ride technique works. This certainly does not mean that you need to neglect the speed limit requirements., / P >

 

How to Avoid Holes on the Roads If at least one wheel can be protected from falling into a hole, then try to transfer the weight of the car to it in order to relieve those that cannot bypass the obstacle. For example, a car with its left wheel threatens to fall into a hole. Turn the steering wheel to the right, then steer the left wheel towards the groove in the road.

 

Monitor tire pressure. If it is insufficient, the disc may bend; otherwise, the car will be too sensitive to even minor impacts.

 

Another concern of the driver is the track - the track from the wheels of the trucks passing earlier. When driving on such sections of the road, the wheel bumps against unevenness, the trajectory of the car changes. This is fraught with loss of control. To overcome such sections of the path is at low speed, refusing to overtake. If you cannot exclude the possibility, then you should be as concentrated as possible: hold the steering wheel with both hands, when skidding, start rotating the steering wheel in the opposite direction until the trajectory is aligned, and then add gas.

 

How to avoid holes on the road

Avoid bumps, potholes in the oncoming lane.

 

Make maneuvers that could endanger the safety of other road users.

 

When driving over bumps, do not brake so as not to increase the load on the front suspension.

 

Do not drive into puddles and manholes. This warning is especially relevant in the spring, after the snow melts. The former can conceal deep holes, because water accumulates in irregularities. The latter could be thoroughly rotted during the winter, and therefore, upon hitting, they have a chance to simply turn over.

 

In order to protect your car from all the dangers of uneven road surfaces, you need not so much: stay focused and calm, avoid unreasonable maneuvers. If it was not possible to accurately overcome the obstacle, it is worth immediately inspecting the car, if necessary, contact the service station for expert advice.

 

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Why You Can't Save On Spark Plugs

When do I get candles? To listen to the manufacturer's recommendations or to be guided by the state of the elements? Is it possible to set a budget option without harming the car? Many car owners ask themselves and maintenance specialists such questions. We decided to explain the importance of the component to the entire mechanism.

 

 

Why it is impossible to save on spark plugs Some strictly adhere to the indicated service life, others prefer to be guided "according to the situation", believing that if the car starts normally even in severe frost, then before 60 thousand kilometers of the rally and think about replacing it is not necessary. This is one of the most common mistakes that can have serious consequences. The second is the selection of low-quality spare parts.

 

Resource of spark plugs Why you can not save on spark plugs

A bit of theory: this element is designed to ensure the ignition of the fuel-air composition in the combustion chamber. The ignition is provided by a spark arising from the discharge between the electrodes of the candle. Service life varies depending on the materials used, climatic conditions, fuel quality. Classic candles are designed for an average of 50 thousand kilometers, iridium and platinum - up to 90 thousand. But since we have already determined that many factors affect wear, the figure may change. Manufacturers recommend changing the spark plugs during every second vehicle inspection with classic spark plugs, for other owners the terms increase by about one and a half times.

 

Replacing candles is quite common. Of course, everyone wants to solve the issue as profitably as possible. The opportunity to save money is one of the most tempting prospects, but it has pitfalls.

 

Why you can't save on spark plugs How can low-quality spark plugs harm?

Many believe that the emerging need to replace candles is a situation that does not require a lightning-fast response. Of course, the engine will not stop immediately, but the negative impact can lead to serious problems with the engine. This is also true for the installation of base elements. Refusal to purchase spare parts from the manufacturer or high-quality analogs will become a one-time saving, which will lead to much more serious costs in the future. What are the consequences of installing unreliable elements?

 

Explosion in the combustion chamber of the motor

Critical increase in load on the engine and other parts

A decrease in dynamics is fraught with overheating of the lambda, catalyst, exhaust.

Simple rules are the secret of the right one Why you can't save on spark plugs

It is worth showing a little care, and the condition of the car will not cause complaints for a long time. Compliance with simple operating rules will prolong the smooth functioning of the mechanism.

 

It is necessary to check the spark plugs at every service, regardless of the operation of the ignition system.

It is worth remembering that a mileage of over 50 thousand kilometers is possible only when installing components with iridium or platinum electrodes.

Use unmistakable fuel, change filters, control spark plug gap.

If you suspect that the ignition system is not working properly, conduct a thorough check yourself or at a service station.

Change candles to those recommended by the manufacturer.

 

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Automobiles and their history

Automobile (from ancient Greek αὐτός - itself and Latin mobilis - mobile, fast), Self-propelled crew [1] - motor road and off-road vehicle used to transport people or goods.

The main purpose of the car is to carry out transport work [2]. Automobile transport in industrialized countries occupies a leading place in comparison with other modes of transport in terms of the volume of passenger traffic [3]. A modern car consists of 15–20 thousand parts, of which 150–300 are the most important and require the greatest operating costs [4]. The concept includes a passenger car, truck, bus, trolleybus, armored vehicle, but does not include an agricultural tractor and motorcycle.

A power-driven vehicle commonly used to transport people or goods on the road, or to tow vehicles used to transport people or goods on the road. This term covers trolleybuses, that is, non-rail vehicles connected to an electric wire; it does not cover vehicles such as agricultural tractors, the use of which to transport people or goods is only an auxiliary function.

- Art. 1, Convention on Road Traffic (Vienna, 8 November 1968)

Any mechanical self-propelled vehicle normally used for the transport of people or goods on the road, or for towing on the road vehicles used to transport people or goods; this term does not include agricultural tractors.

- Art. 1, European Agreement concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles Engaged in International Road Transport (AETR) Geneva, 1 July 1970

A land vehicle propelled by its own means, running on at least four wheels, not in line, which must always be in contact with the ground; steering must be provided by at least two of the wheels, and movement by at least two of the wheels.

- FIA International Sports Code, Art. 13

Benz Velo is one of the first cars.

The first Russian car of Yakovlev and Frese was presented at the 16th All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896.

The 1959 Cadillac is one of the symbols of the mid-20th century automobile.

The 2008 Volkswagen Scirocco is one of many popular cars.

Classification

Passenger car - with a total mass of not more than 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and luggage. Passenger cars are available with closed bodies (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, van and minibus) and with bodies that can be retracted (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).

Cargo vehicle (truck) - a vehicle for the transport of goods. Special and special purpose vehicles are also produced on truck chassis.

An extra-heavy vehicle is an automobile, road train or other vehicle with axle loads exceeding 120 kN (12 tonnes of force) and a width of more than 2.5 m.

Off-road vehicle - a car or truck with a drive on more than one axle (or with a driving one axle, but with the ability to lock the axle differential), adapted for movement off-road with a hard surface. Off-road vehicles are equipped with transmissions with an extended gear ratio range, as well as tires with a special tread pattern, often with centralized tire pressure adjustment and other technical features.

An all-terrain vehicle is a vehicle adapted to travel on all types of roads, including those without a hard surface (unpaved and field). Off-road vehicles are usually characterized by all-wheel drive, increased ground clearance.

Buggy is a light off-road vehicle. Usually has an open frame construction.

A pickup truck is a cargo and passenger modification based on a car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Carrying capacity from 150 to 4500 kg.

Floating vehicle (Amphibious vehicle)

Flying car

Fire truck

Bus - a vehicle for the transport of more than 8 passengers, which is not a trolleybus.

Trolleybus is a vehicle designed to carry more than 8 passengers, powered by an external contact wire.

By engine type:

* Steam
* Petrol
* Diesel
* Gas
* Gas generator
* Hydrogen

An electric car is a car that uses the electric energy of its own batteries to drive.

A hybrid car is a car that uses both an electric and a traditional combustion engine.

Special purpose vehicles (wheeled):

* civilian use
* tractor
* ambulance
* hearse (transportation)
* snowplow
* truck crane
* aerial platform
* garbage truck
* fire truck
* police car
* military use
* armored car
* wheeled armored personnel carrier
* military vehicles

Specialized vehicles (wheeled):

* civilian use
* refrigerated truck
* tank truck

Vehicle design

Despite the wide variety of cars produced, three main parts can always be distinguished in their device: the chassis (it consists of: transmission, chassis and control mechanisms - steering and braking system), the body (serves to accommodate people or goods) and the engine.

Car manufacturing

Car manufacturer - a car manufacturer, company, or firm that designs, manufactures or assembles cars. At the beginning of the 20th century, Oldsmobile revolutionized the automotive industry, pioneering assembly-line assembly and launching the world's mass motorization.

The largest manufacturing companies (for 2012) [5]:

General Motors (USA + UK + Australia + Germany) - US $ 9.03 million
Volkswagen Group (Germany + France + Italy + Spain + UK) - 8.16 million
Toyota (Japan) - 8 million
Hyundai Motor (South Korea) - 6.59 million units
Ford (USA) - 6.3 million units
Renault-Nissan (Japan + France + South Korea + Romania + Russia) - 6.16 million units.
For many decades, the United States was the world leader in automotive production. Since the 1980s, Japan has become the new leader, since 2009 - China, which since 2010 has also produced more cars than all the countries of the European Union combined, and since 2009 has been the largest market in the world. The USSR ranked 5th in the world for the automotive industry as a whole (including 3rd for trucks and 1st for buses), Russia is among the 15 largest automakers.

Car history

The first known drawings of the car (with a spring drive) are from Leonardo da Vinci (p. 812R Codex Atlanticus), but neither a working copy nor information about its existence has survived to this day. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science from Florence were able to restore this car from drawings, thereby proving the correctness of Leonardo's idea. During the Renaissance and later in a number of European countries, "self-propelled" carts and carriages with a spring engine were built in single quantities for participation in masquerades and parades.

In 1769, the French inventor Cugno tested the first prototype of a machine with a steam engine [6], known as the "Cuyuglot small cart," and in 1770, the "Cuyuglot large cart." The inventor himself called it "Fire cart" - it was intended for towing artillery pieces.

The Cunyo Cart is considered the predecessor not only of the automobile, but also of the steam locomotive, since it was driven by the power of steam. In the 19th century, steam-powered stagecoaches and routiers (steam tractors, that is, trackless steam locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and were used in a number of European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and inconvenient, therefore they were not widely used ...

In 1791, the Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin made a "scooter carriage".

There were isolated cases of building cars as luxury goods. So, La Marquise (the official name is De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux), built in 1884 and working on steam, went down in history.

The advent of a lightweight, compact and powerful enough internal combustion engine has opened up wide opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, the German inventor Gottlieb Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot Karl Benz produced and patented the first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895, Benz manufactured the first ICE bus. In 1896 Daimler produced the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the 19th century, the automotive industry was born in Germany, France and England.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, electric vehicles and cars with a steam engine became widespread. In 1900, about half of the cars in the United States were steam-powered; in the 1910s, up to 70,000 electric vehicles operated in taxis in New York.

In the same 1900, Ferdinand Porsche designed an electric car with four drive wheels, in which the electric motors driving them were located. Two years later, the Dutch company Spyker released a racing car with four-wheel drive, equipped with a center differential [7].

The first racing car was equipped with a 35 hp engine. from. and was delivered to Emil Jellinek from DMG on December 22, 1900. This Mercedes was developed by Wilhelm Maybach, Chief Engineer of DMG, and included innovative design solutions: long wheelbase, wide track and low center of gravity, steel frame, honeycomb radiator and steering wheel. The light and high-performance engine reached 75 km / h and could gain from 300 to 1000 rpm. It had 4 cylinders and the ratio of each cylinder to the piston stroke was 116 × 140 mm. Volume - 5918 cm³. Each pair of cylinders had its own carburetor, two camshafts and controlled intake valves, low-voltage ignition magneto.

The Stanley brothers produced about 1000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first luxury hotel in Colorado and a steam bus carried guests from the railway station to the hotel, which became the actual beginning of automobile tourism. Stanley produced steam-powered cars until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel capacity), steam cars left the scene by the 1930s due to their uneconomic and operational difficulties.

The American inventor and industrialist Henry Ford made a significant contribution to the widespread use of road transport, since 1913 he introduced the conveyor system for assembling cars.

In 1923, the Benz company manufactured the first truck with a Diesel engine.

Speed ​​records by car

The fastest speed in the world - 1229.88 km / h in a land vehicle - the Thrust SSC jet car - was shown by the Englishman Andy Green on October 15, 1997. And the average speed for the two arrivals was 1226.522 km / h. Green's crew was propelled by two Rolls-Royce jet engines with a total capacity of 110,000 horse powers.

The highest speed that a woman has developed in a car is 843.323 km / h. It was shown in December 1976 by the American Kitty Humbleton in a three-wheeled car S.M. Motivator with a capacity of 48 thousand. l. c. On the sum of two races in two directions, its official record is 825.126 km / h.

The world speed record was set by the British supercar Keating TKR with a 7-liter 1500 hp engine. from. - the car accelerated to 416 km / h. In 2010, the Bugatti Veyron again occupied the niche of the fastest production car, creating the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, increasing power to 1200 hp. In Top Gear, James May reached over 407 km / h in his Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. And the Bugatti test pilot showed an average speed of 431 km / h, driving in one direction at 427 km / h and 434 km / h in the opposite direction.

Car contests

The contests of passenger cars and then of trucks “Car of the Year” became widely known, first European, then Japanese and North American, as well as world and international passenger (English) and trucks, on which the victories were alternately won by cars of different classes, manufacturers and countries ...

Also among passenger cars there was held a competition "car of the century", where the victory was won by Ford T, which launched the world mass motorization.

Aircraft

Flying apparatus (FA) is the general name of a device (apparatus) for flights in the atmosphere or outer space.

Choice of criterion

Flight principle

The principle of flight is a concept that defines the category of basic physical laws adopted to describe the motion of a given flying object, in given flight conditions.

The principle of flight is determined by how and due to what the lift is created. Currently, the following flight principles are of technical importance, in which the lift is determined:

* aerostatic - by the Archimedean force, equal to the force of gravity of the air mass displaced by the body;

* aerodynamic - the lifting force is created through the force interaction of the aircraft moving through the air. Thus, the force of gravity is overcome due to the aerodynamic force, as a reaction force to throwing down a part of the air flowing around the bearing surfaces of the aircraft.

* inertial - by the force of inertia of a flying body due to the initial reserve of speed or height, therefore such a flight is also called passive;

* rocket-dynamic - by reactive force due to discarding part of the mass of the flying body. In accordance with the law of conservation of momentum of the system, motion arises when some part of its mass separates from the body at some speed;

In airless space, the aircraft can perform inertial flight or on other physical principles (for example, using a solar sail, on the area of ??which the stellar wind exerts pressure, or obtaining acceleration after a revolution between relatively massive planets by performing a gravitational maneuver (example: Voyager 2 Space Station) ...

Classification

This section may even contain original research.

Aircraft classifications are based on different principles. Further, we do not consider classifications, for example, by the type of engine used, or by the purpose of aircraft, which are essentially not classifications of the actual aircraft, but in fact classify engines, or the payload of aircraft, which can relate to almost any branch of technology, science and economic activity. Other classifications (consisting of only two subdivisions, for example, manned - unmanned) are also not considered and are not included in consequent list.

Here is the classification of aircraft according to the technical method of flight execution - movement in space without direct support on solid bodies or on a liquid medium. According to this method, aircraft are divided into:

1. Apparatus moving in the gravitational field of the Earth, in flight overcoming the force of its gravitation. By the method of creating a force that balances the force of gravity, these devices are divided into:

1.1. Aerostatic, or "lighter than air" vehicles, lifted into atmospheric flight by Archimedean force due to a cylinder (shell) filled with gas (including heated air), the density of which is lower than that of atmospheric air, or by using an evacuated shell (Vacuum airship). According to the mode of movement, these devices are divided into:

1.1.1. Balloons that do not have a means of purposeful movement in the horizontal plane and move in it in the wind.

1.1.2. Airships having an engine(s) and controls for targeted movement vertically (up or down) and in a horizontal plane.

1.2. Aerodynamic - devices supported in atmospheric flight by the aerodynamic lifting force arising from the rapid movement of the device itself or its parts in the air. Subdivided into:

1.2.1. Motor driven by an engine. Subdivided into:

1.2.1.1. Apparatus with active control of the boundary layer flow, such as EKIP, with a vortex flow control system in the boundary layer.

1.2.1.2. Uncontrolled boundary layer devices

1.2.1.2.1. Helicopters (helicopters), the lift of which is created by a propeller rotated by an engine around a vertical axis.

1.2.1.2.2. Winged vehicles, the lift of which is created due to the nonzero aerodynamic quality of the vehicle when it moves in the atmosphere. Subdivided into:

1.2.1.2.2.1. Winged vehicles with a fixed (relative to the apparatus) wing: airplanes, cruise missiles, ground-effect craft, ekranoplanes, motor hang-gliders, paramotors.

1.2.1.2.2.2. Winged vehicles with a movable wing. These include:

1.2.1.2.2.2.1. Autogyros, the wing of which rotates freely around the vertical axis under the influence of the incoming air in horizontal flight.

1.2.1.2.2.2.2. Flies, the wing of which, in addition to creating lift, performs the function of a propulsion device in horizontal flight.

1.2.1.2.3. Rotorcraft. Apparatus combining the method (1.2.1.2.1) when taking off from the ground and gaining altitude, like helicopters, with a method like apparatus with a wing fixed relative to the apparatus 1.2.1.2.2.1, in horizontal flight, developing a lift with a wing, like airplanes, when In this, the propeller, the axis of which rotates to a horizontal position, plays the role of a propulsion device in horizontal flight.

1.2.2. Non-motorized aerodynamic vehicles moving in the atmosphere with a gradual decrease under the combined effect of gravity and aerodynamic forces.

1.2.2.1. Gliders, hang gliders, Rigid wings, paragliders.

1.2.2.2. Parachutes.

1.2.2.3. Descent vehicles of spaceships.

1.3 Aircraft with aerostatic unloading are similar to many other methods of propagation, in which about 80% of the aircraft's lift is achieved by a helium cylinder, and the speed of up to 300 km / h is provided by sustainer engines.

1.4. Inertial. Moving in the Earth's gravitational field by inertia due to the speed imparted to them on the active part of the trajectory by the rocket engine. Subdivided into:

1.4.1. Warheads of ballistic missiles, moving along ballistic trajectories.

1.4.2. Artificial Earth satellites and orbiting space stations moving in outer space around the Earth in closed orbits.

1.5. Rocket - vehicles that overcome the force of gravity without interacting with the atmosphere, due to the thrust of the rocket engine directed vertically upward, or having a sufficient vertical component. This method of flight is used in the active leg of the trajectory by ballistic missiles and spacecraft launch vehicles.

1.6 Air cushion vehicles, held above ground or above water due to the increased air pressure created by the compressor between the bottom of the apparatus and a solid or water surface.

Spare part and first car accessories blog message. HELLO CAR WORLD!))

Spare part (abbreviated spare part) - a product, a part that is an integral part of a larger (composite) product, designed to replace the same part that was in operation in order to repair (maintain or restore the serviceable or functional state of the product). It is used mainly in the context of technology (cars (car, tractor), mechanisms, devices, aircraft, etc.).

A similar description of the term "Spare part" is given in "System of technical maintenance and repair of equipment. Terms and definitions ”, and other industry standards (for example “Spare parts, tools and accessories. Telecommunication facilities. General requirements"), "Air Transport. Aircraft maintenance and repair system. Terms and Definitions".

Auto part is a replacement part of a car.

Aviation part is a replacement part of an aircraft. Also, helicopters.

Electronic spare part is a radio component intended for the repair of electronic equipment.

In some other cases - yahts, motorcycle equipment, bicycles and so on...

The blog is intended to mostly represent car accessories. But sometimes other tech will also be included.